What Is Keratoconus? Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

What Is Keratoconus?
Keratoconus is a degenerative, non-inflammatory eye disorder where the cornea thins and bulges forward, forming a cone-like shape.
This distortion prevents light rays from focusing properly on the retina, resulting in blurred and distorted vision.

It usually starts in one eye but eventually affects both. The condition typically appears between ages 15–25, beginning with myopia and astigmatism. Over time, glasses no longer help, and only contact lenses can correct vision.

Causes:
Although the exact cause is unknown, corneal enzyme imbalance plays a major role.
Risk factors include:

• Prolonged UV exposure

• Frequent eye rubbing

• Improperly fitted contact lenses

• Allergic diseases (asthma, eczema, allergic conjunctivitis)

• Genetic predisposition

Treatment:
In early stages — glasses or contact lenses.
With progression — rigid gas-permeable, hybrid, or scleral lenses are used.
For severe cases — intrastromal corneal rings and corneal crosslinking strengthen the cornea.
In advanced stages — corneal transplantation remains the most effective option.

Author: Ophthalmology Department, SƏHHƏT Clinic